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Asphalt Shingles
An asphalt shingle is a type of roof shingle. They are one of the most widely used roofing covers because they are relatively inexpensive and fairly simple to install.
Types of Asphalt Shingles
Two types of asphalt shingles are used: organic and fiberglass or glass fiber.
Organic shingles are generally paper (felt) saturated with asphalt to make it waterproof, then a top coating of adhesive asphalt is applied and the ceramic granules are then embedded. A portion of the granules contain leachable copper or more often tin to prevent moss growth on the roof. Organic shingles contain around 40% more asphalt per square (100 sq. ft.) than fiberglass shingles which makes them weigh more and gives them excellent durability and blow-off resistance. Shingles are judged by weight per square.
Fiberglass shingles have a glass fiber reinforcing mat manufactured to the shape of the shingle. The mat is then coated with asphalt which contains mineral fillers. The glass fiber mat is not waterproof by itself and is a wet laid fiberglass mat bonded with urea-formaldehyde resin. It's used for reinforcement. The asphalt makes the fiberglass shingle waterproof. Fiberglass reinforcement was devised as the replacement for asbestos paper reinforcement of roofing shingles and typically ranges from 1.8 to 2.3 pounds/square foot. The older asbestos versions were actually more durable and were harder to tear, an important property when considering wind lift of shingles in heavy storms. Fiberglass is slowly replacing felt reinforcement in Canada and has replaced mostly all in the United States. Widespread hurricane damage in Florida during the 1990s prompted the industry to adhere to a 1700 gram tear value on finished asphalt shingles.
Shingles are ranked by warranted life, ranging from 25 to 50 years. A newer design of asphalt shingle, called laminated, uses two distinct layers and is heavier, more expensive and more durable than traditional designs. Laminated shingles also give a more 3-D effect to a roof surface.
Durability
Asphalt shingles usually last longer in cooler climates than warmer ones. Thermal shock is one thing that is damaging to shingles (thermal shock is what roofing materials experience when the ambient temperature changes dramatically within a very short period of time). Another factor affecting asphalt shingle roofs is attic ventilation. Proper roof ventilation has been known to extend the service life of a roof. Shingles should not be applied during cold weather. Each shingle must seal to the layer below it to form a monolithic structure. Sun and heat to soften the underlying exposed asphalt is a requirement during the initial phase of a new roof. Staple guns should not be used on shingles because they tear into the substrate too easily. Traditional roofing nails remain the best method of applying shingles.
Three Tab Shingles
3-tab shingles are standard-size fiberglass roof shingles offered in a wide variety of colors. It is not uncommon for leaks to develop in the top 3 inches of each vertical slit. This area is the weak link in a 3 tab asphalt shingle roof.
Architectural Shingles
An upgrade from a standard three-tab is a thicker variation usually called an architectural shingle. These asphalt shingles are built up to be about twice as thick as a normal shingle with the layers staggered to give them a heavier, more substantial or "architectural" look. In some colors they resemble slate, and in other colors wood shakes. With only a modest upgrade in cost and a 30-year or more guarantee, architectural shingles also represent an excellent value with an added touch of style. Architectural asphalt shingles feature larger exposures, better algae- and weather-resistant properties, and a greater array of warranty options. Architectural shingles have an very attractive appearance with a dimensional design that adds beauty to the roof.
Felt Paper
Roofing felt paper, sometimes known as "tar" paper, is a shingle underlayment that is installed between the roof deck and roof shingle. There is a variation in thickness with the 2 most standard felt paper being #15 and #30. Normally the # 15 felt paper comes in 4 square rolls and the # 30 2 square rolls. Most higher caliber roofing companies will use the heavier felt paper to give the homeowner a better quality roof.
Ice & Water Shield
Ice & water shield is a self-stick underlayment that can be used instead of felt paper; especially on the first three feet of the bottom edge of the roof.. Ice & water shield is used in cold climates to combat the potential water build-up behind an ice dam near the roof edge. Ice and water shield is also an excellent roofing material that can be used in valleys or on flatter roofs before the shingles are installed.
Drip Edge
Drip edge is a modified L-shaped flashing used along the eaves and rakes of a roof. Runoff water is directed into gutters & away from fascia. Drip edge is an aluminum product that is usually installed on the roof edges to enhance the appearance of the house and to give additional protection in preventing roof leaks.
Ridge Vent
Ridge vent is a type of vent installed at the peak of a sloped roof which allows warm, humid air to escape a building's attic. Roof ridge vents are most common on shingled residential buildings. For a ridge vent to work properly, it must have adequate intake of air. A ridge-and-soffit attic ventilation system is a great system that is considered the most effective means of ventilating an attic. This type of roof venting system can operate effectively regardless of wind direction and velocity.
Fascia
Fascia is a term which generally describes any vertical surface which spans across the top of columns or across the top of a wall. Specifically, used to describe the vertical "fascia board" which caps the end of rafters outside a building, which can be used to hold the rain gutter. The finished surface below the fascia and rafters is called the soffit. A fascia is often installed between the ceiling and the top of wall cabinets in a kitchen, set at a 90 degree angle to the horizontal soffit which projects out from the wall.
Soffit
Soffit most often refers to the material forming a ceiling from the top of an exterior house wall to the outer edge of the roof, i.e., bridging the gap between a home's siding and the roofline, otherwise known as the eaves. Soffit exposure profile (from wall to fascia) on a buildings' exterior can vary from (2-3 inches) to (3 feet) or more depending on construction. It can be non-ventilated or ventilated for cooling attic space.
Flashing
Flashing refers to thin continuous pieces of sheet metal or other impervious material installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure from an angle or joint. Flashing generally operates on the principle that, for water to penetrate a joint, it must work itself upward against the force of gravity or in the case of wind-driven rain, it would have to follow a tortous path during which the driving force will be dissipated. Flashing may be exposed or concealed. Exposed flashing is usually of a sheet metal, such as aluminium, copper, painted galvanized steel, stainless steel, zinc alloy, terne metal, or copper-clad lead. Metal flashing should be provided with expansion joints on long runs to prevent deformation of the metal sheets. The selected metal should not stain or be stained by adjacent materials or react chemically with them. Flashing concealed within a construction assembly maybe of sheet metal or a water proofing membrane such as bituminous fabric or plastic sheet material, depending on the climate and structural requirements. Aluminum and lead react chemically with cement mortar. Some flashing materials can deteriorate with exposure to sunlight.
Flashing can assume a number of forms: Roof flashing is placed around discontinuities or objects which protrude from the roof of a building (such as pipes and chimneys, or the edges of other roofs) to deflect water away from seams or joints. Wall flashing may be embedded in a wall to direct water that has penetrated the wall back outside, or it may be applied in a manner intended to prevent the entry of water into the wall. Wall flashing is typically found at interruptions in the wall, such as windows and points of structural support. Sill flashing is a concealed flashing that is typically placed under windowsills or door thresholds to prevent water from entering a wall at those points.
Base flashing is found at the base of a wall, and usually incorporates through-wall flashing with weep holes to permit the escape of water. Base flashings may be placed at the building grade or at a point where a roof intersects a wall.
Skylight
Skylights are often used for daylighting. Skylights admit more light per unit area than windows, and distribute it more evenly over a space. They can therefore be a good choice when daylight is being used to illuminate a space. The optimum number of skylights (usually quantified as "effective aperture") varies according to climate, latitude, and the characteristics of the skylight, but is usually 1-10% of floor area. The thermal performance of skylights is affected by stratification, i.e. the tendency of warm air to collect in the skylight wells, which in cool climates increases the rate of heat loss. During warm seasons, skylights also can cause internal heat problems, which is usually treated by placing a shade over the skylight, or by opening it if it is openable.
The amount of light skylights deliver peaks around midday, when the additional light and heat it provides is least needed. Some skylight designs use domed or pyramidal shapes along with prismatic or other light-redirecting glazings to achieve more even light levels through the course of a day. Poorly constructed or installed skylights may have leak problems and single-paned ones may weep with condensation. Using skylights with at least two panes and a heat reflecting coating will increase their energy efficiency. Skylights may also be more prone to breakage than vertical windows.
Light Tubes
Another type of device for daylighting are light tubes, also called solar tubes, placed into a roof and admitting light to a focused area of the interior. These somewhat resemble recessed light fixtures in the ceiling. They do not allow as much heat transfer as skylights because they have less exposed surface area. It is also easier to retrofit light tubes into existing buildings, especially those with deep roof constructions. Light tubes or light pipes are used for transporting or distributing natural or artificial light. In their application to daylighting, they are also called solar pipes, daylight pipes, or solar light pipes.
Generally speaking, a light pipe or light tube may refer to: a tube or pipe for transport of light to another location, minimizing the loss of light; a transparent tube or pipe for distribution of light over its length, either for equal distribution along the entire length (see also sulfur lamp) or for controlled light leakage.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article"Asphalt Shingle ".
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